Baitul Mukarram: Exploring National Mosque and Its Architectural Legacy

As one of the most recognisable landmarks in Bangladesh, Baitul Mukarram stands as a symbol of faith, heritage, and national identity in the heart of Dhaka. Known for its unique modernist design and immense cultural significance, the mosque attracts thousands of worshippers daily and millions during Ramadan and Eid. This article explores the history, architecture, religious importance, and evolving role of Baitul Mukarram in modern Dhaka.

The National Mosque of Bangladesh: A Landmark of Faith and Identity

Located in the bustling area of Paltan, Baitul Mukarram National Mosque holds a distinctive place in the country’s history. Construction began in 1960 under the initiative of the then-government of East Pakistan, aiming to create a central mosque that represented both Islamic tradition and the rapidly growing capital city.

By the early 1970s, the mosque was largely completed and soon became the spiritual centre of Dhaka. Over the decades, it has expanded to accommodate the soaring population of worshippers, while remaining an architectural landmark that blends tradition with modernity.

History of Baitul Mukarram: The Vision Behind the National Mosque

The idea for a national mosque emerged during the urban expansion of Dhaka in the late 1950s. Planners envisioned a grand complex that would:

• represent the faith of the country’s Muslim majority

• serve as a central point for national Islamic gatherings

• anchor the developing commercial and administrative zone around Paltan

The design was led by architect Abdulhusein M. Thariani, whose modernist approach distinguished the mosque from traditional domed structures. Baitul Mukarram officially began accommodating large congregations in the early 1970s, shortly before Bangladesh gained independence in 1971.

Unique Architecture: Why Baitul Mukarram Stands Out

One of the most striking features of Baitul Mukarram is its cubic shape, reflecting inspiration from the Kaaba in Makkah. Instead of adopting the common dome-and-minaret style typical of South Asian mosques, the architect incorporated geometric minimalism and clean lines.

Key Architectural Features

1. The Cubic Main Structure

The cubical exterior resembles the Kaaba, symbolising unity and simplicity in Islamic architecture. This modernist approach gives the mosque a bold and distinctive presence.

2. Absence of a Central Dome

Unlike most major mosques, Baitul Mukarram does not feature a large dome. This design decision was deliberate—Thariani wanted to break away from dominant Mughal and Middle Eastern styles and introduce a uniquely modern mosque for Bangladesh.

3. Eight-Storey Capacity

The mosque complex includes several floors, with prayer halls distributed across different levels. This allows the structure to hold over 30,000 worshippers, making it one of the largest mosques in the world.

4. Large Courtyard and Open Spaces

The open prayer area is frequently filled during Jummah prayers, Ramadan nights, and Eid gatherings.

5. Minimalist Ornamentation

Instead of elaborate stonework, the mosque features simple marble and concrete finishes, emphasising purity and structural harmony.

Baitul Mukarram as a Spiritual Hub

For millions of Muslims across Bangladesh, Baitul Mukarram is more than an architectural achievement—it is the beating heart of Islamic activity in the capital. Worshippers gather for daily prayers, weekly Jummah, Taraweeh during Ramadan, and Eid congregations that overflow into surrounding streets and fields.

Religious Importance

• It is considered the centre of Islamic prayer activities in Dhaka.

• Major Islamic scholars and imams have delivered sermons here throughout its history.

• During Ramadan, thousands attend nightly prayers, Quran recitations, and religious lectures.

• On Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha, the mosque becomes one of the largest congregation sites in the country.

The Mosque Complex: Markets, Offices, and Community Spaces

One unique aspect of Baitul Mukarram is that it is more than just a mosque. The complex includes:

• commercial markets

• office spaces

• community halls

• charity offices

• Islamic bookstores and accessories shops

The Baitul Mukarram Market, situated around the mosque, is a bustling shopping centre famous for clothing, accessories, and Islamic items. This integration of commerce and religion reflects the way Islamic culture blends into everyday life in Dhaka.

Renovation and Expansion: Meeting the Needs of a Growing City

As Dhaka’s population has soared, so has the need to expand the national mosque. Over the years, multiple renovation and extension projects have been undertaken, including:

• building new floors

• upgrading ablution areas

• improving ventilation

• installing modern sound and lighting systems

• creating additional prayer spaces for women

These upgrades ensure that Baitul Mukarram continues to serve an ever-growing number of worshippers while maintaining its historical identity.

Baitul Mukarram’s Role in Modern Dhaka

Situated in one of Dhaka’s busiest commercial zones, the mosque remains a strong symbol of stability and spirituality amid the city’s constant movement. Its presence influences:

Urban Planning

The mosque anchors the commercial hub of Motijheel and Paltan, contributing to transport routes, pedestrian flow, and business activity.

Cultural Gatherings

From national prayers to large-scale religious events, the mosque is at the centre of many cultural and spiritual traditions.

Tourism

Visitors from around the world admire the mosque for its modernist architecture, peaceful prayer halls, and historical significance.

Why Baitul Mukarram Matters: A National Symbol

Beyond its religious role, Baitul Mukarram stands as a symbol of Bangladesh’s cultural identity. It represents:

• the country’s strong Islamic heritage

• architectural innovation

• national unity

• historical continuity from East Pakistan to modern Bangladesh

Its presence at the core of the capital makes it not only a place of worship, but also a landmark that defines the skyline and spirit of Dhaka.

A Timeless Symbol of Faith and Modernity

Baitul Mukarram remains one of Dhaka’s most important landmarks architecturally, spiritually, and culturally. Its bold modern design, immense capacity, and deep religious significance make it a central part of the nation’s heritage. As Dhaka continues to grow, the mosque remains a timeless symbol of faith, resilience, and unity, connecting millions of worshippers to their spiritual roots.